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The Renewable Energy Institute
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“spending
hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of billions of dollars every year for
oil, much of it from the Middle East, is just about the single stupidest
thing that modern society could possibly do. It’s very difficult to think of anything
more idiotic than that.”
- R. James Woolsey, Jr., former Director of the CIA
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Desulfurization
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What
is Desulfurization?
Desulfurization
is the process of removing sulfur from natural gas or flue gas (flue
gas desulfurization) to produce "pipeline quality gas" in the case
of natural gas, and meet E.P.A. or local air pollution regulations in the case
of flue gas.
In the natural gas industry, Desulfurization
is usually referred to as "H2S Removal."
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Your Company, Product, or Services
at the BEST website address for Desulfurization!
www.Desulfurization.com
Advertising inquiries may be
directed to:
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What
is an Amine Plant?
Amine plants is used for "gas
sweetening" in the midstream oil and gas sector known as "gas
processing." Amine plants
provide H2S removal as well as CO2
removal from natural gas and liquid hydrocarbons. The process involves both
absorption and chemical reactions.
We
provide amine plant sales and natural gas processing and engineering services.
What
is Amine?
Amine, is
the shortened form of " Mono Ethanol Amine" or MEA. MEA removes
H2S or acid gases through a chemical reaction with hydrogen sulfide or carbon
dioxide which forms a salt compound (see Gas Sweetening diagram below).
When the MEA
has absorbed the H2S ( and carbon dioxide) it is referred to as "
rich" MEA.
When the acid gases have been removed from the mono ethanol amine it's called
lean MEA.
What
is a "cryogenic plant"?
A cryogenic
plant is another term for a "gas
processing plant." Gas
processing plants produce natural
gas liquids products, including ethane, at very low or "cryogenic"
operating temperatures.
What are Gas
Compressors?
Gas
compressors are mechanical device that increase the pressure of a gas by
reducing its volume. Gas compressors
are responsible for moving the natural gas from the oil or natural gas
production well to homes and businesses via natural gas pipelines and gas
compression stations.
Gas
compression also increases the temperature of the gas during compression.
What
is Gas Conditioning?
Gas
conditioning, also referred to as: Gas Sweetening, Natural
Gas Conditioning or Natural Gas
Treating, refers to several gas
processing processes such as Amine
Plants, H2S Removal, and aqueous solutions of various alkanolamines
(also referred to as amines) to remove hydrogen sulfides (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from
natural gas. These gas
conditioning
technologies are found in refineries and
gas processing plants.
What is Gas Processing?
Natural
Gas Processing plants separate the
various hydrocarbons and natural gas
liquids from the pure natural gas (methane or CH4) to produce what is known
as 'pipeline quality' natural gas. Natural gas pipeline companies have
requirements on natural gas they buy from producers which is why the natural gas
processing plants are located where they are, and why they separate the
ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes from the methane. Natural
gas liquids or NGLs include ethane, propane, butane, iso-butane, and natural
gasoline.
What
is Gas Sweetening?
Sulfur
exists in natural gas and is known as hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Natural gas
is usually considered "sour" if hydrogen
sulfides content exceeds 5.7 milligrams of H2S per cubic meter of natural
gas. The process hydrogen
sulfide removal from sour gas is commonly referred to as "gas
sweetening."
Diagram of the Gas Sweetening Process
The
primary process for sweetening sour natural gas is quite similar to the
processes of glycol dehydration and NGL absorption. In this case, however, amine
solutions are used to remove the hydrogen sulfide. This process is known simply
as the 'amine process', or alternatively as the Girdler process, and is used in
95 percent of U.S. gas sweetening operations. The sour gas is run through a
tower, which contains the amine solution. This solution has an affinity for
sulfur, and absorbs it much like glycol absorbing water. There are two principle
amine solutions used, monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA). Either of
these compounds, in liquid form, will absorb sulfur compounds from natural gas
as it passes through. The effluent gas is virtually free of sulfur compounds,
and thus loses its sour gas status. Like the process for NGL extraction and
glycol dehydration, the amine solution used can be regenerated (that is, the
absorbed sulfur is removed), allowing it to be reused to treat more sour gas.
Although most sour gas sweetening involves the amine absorption process, it is
also possible to use solid desiccants like iron sponges to remove the sulfide
and carbon dioxide.
Sulfur can be sold and used if reduced to its elemental form. Elemental sulfur
is a bright yellow powder like material, and can often be seen in large piles
near gas treatment plants, as is shown. In order to recover elemental sulfur
from the gas processing plant, the sulfur containing discharge from a gas
sweetening process must be further treated. The process used to recover sulfur
is known as the Claus process, and involves using thermal and catalytic
reactions to extract the elemental sulfur from the hydrogen sulfide solution.
Some
of the above information from www.NaturalGas.org
with our thanks.
What is Glycol Dehydration?
Glycol
dehydration is used in the
production and processing of natural gas by using a liquid desiccant that
removes water from natural gas and natural
gas liquids (NGL).
Various
types of glycols are used in this process including;
TEG
is the most commonly used glycol in the natural gas industry.
What is H2S
Removal?
H2S,
or Hydrogen Sulfide, is a hazardous and corrosive element found in oil and
natural gas which needs to be removed from the hydrocarbon before the oil or
natural gas can be sold. The hydrogen
sulfides are usually removed in a mid-stream gas processing facility by
either iron sponges or amine plants.
What
is a Heater Treater?
A "Heater
Treater" is used in the oil and gas production process and is used to
removes water and gas from the produced oil - and to improve its quality for
sale into a crude oil pipeline or for other transport. A heater
treater typically combines the following components inside the heater
treater: a heater, free-water knockout, and oil and gas separator.
We
provide gas gathering, gas
compressors, and other E&P services.
We
are presently acquiring "midstream" energy plants and operations such
as natural gas and natural gas liquids - along with the plant assets that treat
natural gas - are found between exploration and production of oil and natural
gas and the delivery to commercial, residential and industrial customers.
Midstream energy assets include over 1 million miles of natural gas pipelines
and 500 natural gas processing plants.
What is Natural
Gas Treating?
As
natural gas is produced from either a natural gas well, or from an oilwell which
contains "associated gas," the natural gas must be treated or
processed before it can be used at a home or business as a fuel.
Natural
gas treating or processing, takes place at gas
processing plants to remove the impurities and other hydrocarbons other than
the methane itself, or CH4.
The
by-products and impurities of natural gas that must be treated or processed
include; ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, pentane, isopentane and higher
molecular weight hydrocarbons, as well as H2S or elemental sulfur, carbon
dioxide (CO2), water vapor and sometimes helium and nitrogen.
What
is "NGL Fractionation"?
Natural
gas liquids (NGL) fractionation plants separate the mixed natural
gas liquids stream into separated products. These natural
gas liquids that are separated by heat at NGL Fractionation plants include;
ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane and natural gasoline.
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